Q. ¿Son ejecutables los pactos restrictivos en Inglaterra y Gales?
The short answer is: yes, but only if they are carefully drafted and meet specific legal requirements. English law starts from the position that any clause restricting a person’s freedom to trade or work is prima facie void as contrary to public policy — it is a restraint of trade. A restrictive covenant will only be enforceable if the party seeking to enforce it can demonstrate that:
- It protects a legitimate business interest — such as goodwill, confidential information, customer relationships, or a stable workforce; and
- No va más allá de lo razonablemente necesario para proteger ese interés, en términos de duración, alcance geográfico y gama de actividades que abarca.
Both requirements must be satisfied. A covenant that protects a legitimate interest but extends further than necessary will be struck out. A covenant that is proportionate but does not protect a legitimate interest will also fail. Reasonableness is assessed at the date the contract was made, not at the date of enforcement.
Courts approach covenants in commercial agreements (such as share purchase agreements) more generously than those in employment contracts, because a seller who has received a capital sum for goodwill is in a very different position to an employee who is simply trying to earn a living.
Q. ¿Cuál es la duración máxima de una cláusula de no competencia?
There is no fixed maximum length in English law. Whether a non-compete clause is enforceable depends on the specific facts and the context in which it arises — not on an arbitrary time limit.
No obstante, en la práctica se aplican los siguientes principios generales:
- In a share purchase agreement, non-compete periods of two to five years are commonly upheld where the covenant relates to the goodwill that has been sold. The courts recognise that a seller who has received full value for goodwill should be bound not to immediately undermine what they have sold.
- In an employment contract, periods of six to twelve months for senior employees are most likely to be enforceable. Longer periods are not automatically void but face increasing scrutiny and require strong justification.
- In a shareholders agreement, the analysis depends on whether the covenant is more analogous to a commercial sale (more generous) or an employment arrangement (more restrictive).
Lo que importa es si la duración de la restricción es realmente necesaria para permitir a la parte protegida establecer y mantener las relaciones comerciales y la información confidencial que el pacto pretende proteger. Una duración que exceda este límite será anulada en su totalidad; los tribunales no pueden simplemente reducirla a un periodo aceptable.
Q. ¿Cuál es la diferencia entre una cláusula de no captación y una cláusula de no negociación?
Una cláusula de no captación impide que la parte restringida se acerque o solicite a determinadas personas, normalmente antiguos clientes o empleados. Se trata de una restricción selectiva: si el antiguo cliente o empleado se pone en contacto con la parte restringida por iniciativa propia, la cláusula no se incumple (aunque hay que tener cuidado para asegurarse de que la iniciativa no haya sido realmente solicitada).
Cláusula de no negociación goes further: it prevents the restricted party from having any dealings with specified persons, whether or not the restricted party initiated the contact. Even if the former client approaches the restricted party first, a non-dealing clause would prevent them from proceeding with any business relationship.
Non-dealing clauses are broader and more difficult to enforce — courts scrutinise them closely because they restrict freedom of commerce even where the restricted party is entirely passive. To be enforceable, a non-dealing clause must be clearly justified by reference to the strength of the client relationship being protected and the risk of the restricted party exploiting their prior knowledge.
En la práctica, se suele utilizar una combinación de ambas: una cláusula de no negociación con respecto a los clientes más importantes (donde el riesgo de relación es mayor) y una cláusula de no captación con respecto a categorías más amplias de clientes y empleados.
Q. ¿Puede aplicarse un pacto restrictivo cuando el empresario ha incumplido el contrato?
This is a critically important question in employment law. In English law, where an employer commits a repudiatory breach of contract (i.e. a fundamental breach that entitles the employee to accept the breach and treat the contract as terminated), the employee may argue that the restrictive covenants in their employment contract have also fallen away.
The leading case of General Billposting Co Ltd v Atkinson [1909] established this principle. If the employee is wrongfully dismissed — dismissed without notice or in breach of their contract — and the dismissal amounts to a repudiatory breach, the post-termination restrictions in the contract may not survive.
Esto crea un riesgo práctico significativo para los empresarios que despiden a empleados sin el proceso adecuado o incumpliendo sus obligaciones contractuales. Un empresario que rescinde un contrato en circunstancias que podrían calificarse de incumplimiento repudiable puede encontrarse con que los propios pactos restrictivos en los que esperaba basarse son inaplicables como consecuencia de ello. Es esencial contar con asesoramiento jurídico antes de rescindir un contrato de trabajo, especialmente cuando están en juego pactos restrictivos de gran valor.
Q. ¿Qué recursos existen en caso de incumplimiento de un pacto restrictivo?
Where a valid restrictive covenant is breached, the innocent party has two principal remedies:
Medidas cautelares - an application to the court for an injunction preventing the restricted party from continuing the prohibited activity. In urgent cases, an interim injunction can be sought without the other party being given advance notice (an ‘without notice’ or ‘ex parte’ application). The court will grant an interim injunction if there is a serious question to be tried and the balance of convenience favours restraint — often on the basis that damages would be an inadequate remedy.
Daños - compensación por la pérdida financiera causada por la infracción. Cuando se ha hecho un uso indebido de información confidencial o se ha robado una base de clientes, cuantificar la pérdida puede resultar difícil. En algunos casos, los daños y perjuicios se evalúan sobre la base de ‘Wrotham Park’ - un canon teórico que representa lo que las partes habrían negociado para liberarse de la restricción - en lugar de la pérdida real probada.
The most effective remedy is almost always an interim injunction obtained quickly — before the competitive damage becomes entrenched. Delay in applying for an injunction can be fatal to the application, as it suggests the asunto is not truly urgent. If you suspect a restrictive covenant is being breached, you should take legal advice immediately