{"id":8955,"date":"2026-03-23T11:16:02","date_gmt":"2026-03-23T11:16:02","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/rfblegal.co.uk\/?post_type=insight&#038;p=8955"},"modified":"2026-04-07T11:02:45","modified_gmt":"2026-04-07T11:02:45","slug":"qa-i%cc%87s-sozlesmeleri%cc%87","status":"publish","type":"insight","link":"https:\/\/rfblegal.co.uk\/tr\/icgoruler\/qa-i%cc%87s-sozlesmeleri%cc%87\/","title":{"rendered":"SORU-CEVAP: \u0130\u015f S\u00f6zle\u015fmeleri\u00a0"},"content":{"rendered":"<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>Q. Ticari bir s\u00f6zle\u015fmeyi \u0130ngiltere ve Galler'de yasal olarak uygulanabilir k\u0131lan nedir?<\/strong>\u00a0<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">For a contract to be legally enforceable in <a href=\"https:\/\/rfblegal.co.uk\/tr\/icgoruler\/ki%cc%87raci-tahli%cc%87yeleri%cc%87-i%cc%87ngi%cc%87lteredeki%cc%87-ev-sahi%cc%87pleri%cc%87-i%cc%87ci%cc%87n-bi%cc%87r-rehber\/\">England<\/a> and Wales, it must&nbsp;contain&nbsp;four essential elements:&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Teklif - taraflardan biri belirli \u015fartlarda s\u00f6zle\u015fme yapmak i\u00e7in a\u00e7\u0131k bir teklifte bulunmal\u0131d\u0131r.\u00a0<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Kabul - di\u011fer taraf\u0131n bu teklifi \u00f6nemli bir nitelendirme olmaks\u0131z\u0131n kabul etmesi gerekir (nitelikli bir kabul, kabul de\u011fil kar\u015f\u0131 tekliftir).\u00a0<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/rfblegal.co.uk\/tr\/icgoruler\/hisse-satisinda-ertelenmis-bedelin-korunmasi\/\">Dikkate alma<\/a> \u2014 each party must provide something of value in exchange for the other&#8217;s promise. In a <a href=\"https:\/\/rfblegal.co.uk\/tr\/hizmetler\/is-hukuku\/mulki%cc%87yet-davalari-i%cc%87si%cc%87\/kurumsal-i%cc%87sgalci%cc%87ler\/\">ticari<\/a> contract this is typically the payment of money in exchange for goods or services.\u00a0<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/rfblegal.co.uk\/tr\/icgoruler\/ti%cc%87cari%cc%87-ki%cc%87ra-sozlesmesi%cc%87ni%cc%87n-yeni%cc%87lenmesi%cc%87ne-karsi-cikan-mal-sahi%cc%87pleri%cc%87ni%cc%87n-yer-altinda-yeni%cc%87den-i%cc%87nsaat-yapma-ni%cc%87yeti%cc%87\/\">Intention<\/a> to create legal relations \u2014 the parties must have intended to be legally bound. Commercial <a href=\"https:\/\/rfblegal.co.uk\/tr\/icgoruler\/qa-share-purchase-agreements\/\">agreements<\/a> are presumed to have this intention; social or domestic arrangements are not.\u00a0<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">In addition to these basic <a href=\"https:\/\/rfblegal.co.uk\/tr\/icgoruler\/i%cc%87ngi%cc%87ltere-vi%cc%87zeleri%cc%87-2024-asgari%cc%87-maas-ve-geli%cc%87r-sartlari\/\">requirements<\/a>, the parties must have legal <a href=\"https:\/\/rfblegal.co.uk\/tr\/icgoruler\/the-golden-rule-and-testamentary-capacity\/\">capacity<\/a> to contract (companies must act through authorised individuals), the subject <a href=\"https:\/\/rfblegal.co.uk\/tr\/icgoruler\/1996-tahki%cc%87m-yasasinin-9-bolumu-goz-onunde-bulunduruldugunda\/\">Madde<\/a> must be legal, and the contract must not have been induced by misrepresentation,&nbsp;duress&nbsp;or undue influence.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Most <a href=\"https:\/\/rfblegal.co.uk\/tr\/hizmetler\/is-hukuku\/is-kurumsal\/ti%cc%87cari%cc%87-sozlesmeler\/\">commercial contracts<\/a> are valid even if not made in writing \u2014 English law does not&nbsp;generally require&nbsp;commercial contracts to be written or signed. However, certain contracts must be in writing (such as contracts for the sale of land, consumer credit agreements and <a href=\"https:\/\/rfblegal.co.uk\/tr\/icgoruler\/kisisel-teminatlar-ve-ticari-kira-borclari-risk-altindaki-yoneticilerdir\/\">guarantees<\/a>), and it is&nbsp;almost always&nbsp;advisable to document commercial agreements in writing to avoid disputes <a href=\"https:\/\/rfblegal.co.uk\/tr\/hakkimizda\/\">about<\/a> what was agreed.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>Q. Sorumluluk s\u0131n\u0131rlamas\u0131 maddesi nedir ve uygulanabilir mi?<\/strong>\u00a0<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">A limitation of liability clause is a contractual provision that caps the amount one party can recover from the other&nbsp;in the event of&nbsp;a <a href=\"https:\/\/rfblegal.co.uk\/tr\/icgoruler\/ticari-kiraciniz-kira-sozlesmesini-ihlal-ederse-ne-yapmalisiniz\/\">breach<\/a> of contract or&nbsp;other&nbsp;claim. It may limit liability to a fixed monetary sum (for example, the value of the contract), exclude specific types of loss (such as consequential loss, loss of profits or loss of <a href=\"https:\/\/rfblegal.co.uk\/tr\/icgoruler\/veri%cc%87-koruma-guncellemeleri%cc%87-ve-i%cc%87sletmeler-i%cc%87ci%cc%87n-onemli%cc%87-hususlar\/\">data<\/a>), or both.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u0130ngiliz hukukunda, sorumlulu\u011fun s\u0131n\u0131rland\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131 h\u00fck\u00fcmleri 1977 tarihli Haks\u0131z S\u00f6zle\u015fme \u015eartlar\u0131 Yasas\u0131 (UCTA) ve t\u00fcketici s\u00f6zle\u015fmeleri i\u00e7in 2015 tarihli T\u00fcketici Haklar\u0131 Yasas\u0131'n\u0131n gerekliliklerine tabidir. \u0130\u015fletmeler aras\u0131 s\u00f6zle\u015fmeler i\u00e7in UCTA \u015funlar\u0131 \u00f6ng\u00f6rmektedir:&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>A clause excluding or <a href=\"https:\/\/rfblegal.co.uk\/tr\/hizmetler\/is-hukuku\/duzenleyi%cc%87ci%cc%87-sorusturmalar\/duzenleyi%cc%87ci%cc%87-sorumlulugun-azaltilmasi\/\">limiting liability<\/a> for death or personal injury caused by negligence is void and unenforceable.\u00a0<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>\u0130hmalden veya s\u00f6zle\u015fmenin ihlalinden kaynaklanan di\u011fer kay\u0131plar i\u00e7in sorumlulu\u011fu hari\u00e7 tutan veya s\u0131n\u0131rlayan bir madde, yaln\u0131zca makul oldu\u011fu \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcde uygulanabilir.\u00a0<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">UCTA kapsam\u0131ndaki makuliyet testi, taraflar\u0131n g\u00f6receli pazarl\u0131k g\u00fcc\u00fc, klozun di\u011fer taraf\u0131n dikkatini \u00e7ekip \u00e7ekmedi\u011fi, s\u0131n\u0131rl\u0131 taraf\u0131n sigorta yapt\u0131r\u0131p yapt\u0131ramayaca\u011f\u0131 ve s\u00f6zle\u015fmenin niteli\u011fi ve de\u011feri gibi fakt\u00f6rleri g\u00f6z \u00f6n\u00fcnde bulundurur.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Well-drafted limitation clauses that reflect the commercial realities of the contract \u2014 capping liability at an amount that reflects the contract&nbsp;value, or&nbsp;excluding consequential losses in an <a href=\"https:\/\/rfblegal.co.uk\/tr\/icgoruler\/rfbde-onur-ayi-bi%cc%87zi%cc%87m-i%cc%87ci%cc%87n-ne-anlama-geldi%cc%87gi%cc%87ni%cc%87-ve-hukuk-sektorunde-temsi%cc%87li%cc%87yeti%cc%87n-neden-cok-onemli%cc%87-oldugunu-nasil-kutluyoruz\/\">industry<\/a> where such losses are typically uninsured \u2014 will&nbsp;generally satisfy&nbsp;the reasonableness test. Limitation clauses that&nbsp;seek&nbsp;to exclude all liability entirely, or that are buried in small print, are more vulnerable to <a href=\"https:\/\/rfblegal.co.uk\/tr\/icgoruler\/leasehold-reformuna-karsi-yapilan-yargi-mucadelesi%cc%87-ki%cc%87li%cc%87t-hukumleri%cc%87n-gelecegi%cc%87ni%cc%87-suphe-altina-sokuyor\/\">challenge<\/a>.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>Q. M\u00fccbir sebep maddesi nedir ve ne zaman uygulan\u0131r?<\/strong>\u00a0<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">M\u00fccbir sebep maddesi, taraflardan birini veya her ikisini, kontrolleri d\u0131\u015f\u0131ndaki istisnai durumlarda - s\u00f6zle\u015fmenin yap\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131 tarihte \u00f6ng\u00f6r\u00fclemeyen ve ifay\u0131 imkans\u0131z veya pratik olmayan ko\u015fullar - y\u00fck\u00fcml\u00fcl\u00fcklerini yerine getirmekten muaf tutan bir s\u00f6zle\u015fme h\u00fckm\u00fcd\u00fcr.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">English law does not have a general doctrine of force majeure \u2014 unlike many <a href=\"https:\/\/rfblegal.co.uk\/tr\/sivil-meditasyon\/\">civil<\/a> law systems. A force majeure clause only&nbsp;operates&nbsp;if it is expressly included in the contract. The scope of the clause, and the events that trigger it, depends entirely on the drafting.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Common events listed as force majeure&nbsp;include:&nbsp;natural disasters, war and civil disturbance, acts of terrorism, pandemic, <a href=\"https:\/\/rfblegal.co.uk\/tr\/icgoruler\/covid-ti%cc%87cari%cc%87-ki%cc%87ra-borclarina-hukumetten-cevap\/\">government<\/a> action or <a href=\"https:\/\/rfblegal.co.uk\/tr\/hizmetler\/ki%cc%87si%cc%87sel-hukuk\/duzenleyi%cc%87ci%cc%87-hukuk\/\">d\u00fczenleyici<\/a> change, and infrastructure failure. Whether a specific event triggers a force majeure clause depends on whether it falls within the scope of the listed events, whether it was foreseeable at the date of the contract, and whether it&nbsp;actually caused&nbsp;(rather than merely contributed to) the failure to perform.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The COVID-19 pandemic tested force majeure clauses extensively. Courts were&nbsp;generally reluctant&nbsp;to find that the pandemic triggered <a href=\"https:\/\/rfblegal.co.uk\/tr\/rfbtermsofbusiness0625\/\">standard<\/a> force majeure provisions, particularly where the affected party had found alternative means of performance or where the clause required physical impossibility rather than mere commercial difficulty.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">M\u00fccbir sebepten ayr\u0131 olarak, takip eden olaylar\u0131n ifay\u0131 fiziksel olarak imkans\u0131z hale getirmesi veya s\u00f6zle\u015fmeyi kararla\u015ft\u0131r\u0131landan temelde farkl\u0131 k\u0131lmas\u0131 durumunda y\u0131lg\u0131nl\u0131k doktrini uygulanabilir. Engelleme i\u00e7in \u00e7\u0131ta y\u00fcksektir - ticari rahats\u0131zl\u0131k veya artan maliyet yeterli de\u011fildir.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>Q. Standart h\u00fck\u00fcm ve ko\u015fullar nelerdir ve \u2018formlar\u0131n sava\u015f\u0131\u2019 ile nas\u0131l etkile\u015fime girerler?<\/strong>\u00a0<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Most businesses contract using <a href=\"https:\/\/rfblegal.co.uk\/tr\/hizmetler\/ki%cc%87si%cc%87sel-hukuk\/kurumsal\/ti%cc%87cari%cc%87-sozlesmeler-i%cc%87s-sartlari\/\">standard terms<\/a> ve <a href=\"https:\/\/rfblegal.co.uk\/tr\/musteri%cc%87-hesap-bi%cc%87lgi%cc%87leri%cc%87\/\">conditions<\/a> \u2014 pre-drafted contractual provisions that they&nbsp;seek&nbsp;to apply to all their transactions. The problem arises when both parties have standard terms and each&nbsp;purports&nbsp;to contract on their own terms rather than the other&#8217;s. This is known as the &#8216;battle of the forms&#8217;.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u0130ngiliz hukukuna g\u00f6re, formlar\u0131n sava\u015f\u0131 genellikle \u2018son at\u0131\u015f\u2019 doktrini ile \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fcl\u00fcr: s\u00f6zle\u015fme yap\u0131lmadan \u00f6nce \u00f6ne s\u00fcr\u00fclen ve itiraz edilmeyen son \u015fart seti genellikle ge\u00e7erli olacakt\u0131r. Uygulamada bu, ifa ba\u015flamadan \u00f6nceki son belgede (genellikle bir teslimat notu veya sipari\u015f onay\u0131) \u015fartlar\u0131 yer alan taraf\u0131n kendi \u015fartlar\u0131n\u0131 dahil ettirebilece\u011fi anlam\u0131na gelir.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">However, the <a href=\"https:\/\/rfblegal.co.uk\/tr\/icgoruler\/gocmenli%cc%87k-ve-siginma-basvurulari-i%cc%87stedi%cc%87gi%cc%87ni%cc%87z-sonucu-elde-etmeni%cc%87ze-nasil-yardimci-olabi%cc%87li%cc%87ri%cc%87z\/\">outcome<\/a> of a battle of the forms analysis is uncertain \u2014 it depends on the precise sequence of correspondence and the specific provisions in each party&#8217;s terms. Businesses that are serious about their standard terms should:&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Ensure their terms are clearly incorporated by reference in all relevant <a href=\"https:\/\/rfblegal.co.uk\/tr\/icgoruler\/yeni%cc%87-mali%cc%87-yil-rehberi%cc%87-i%cc%87sletmeni%cc%87zi%cc%87n-yasal-belgeleri%cc%87ni%cc%87n-guncel-olmasini-saglamak\/\">documents<\/a> \u2014 quotations, order confirmations, invoices.\u00a0<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Include a provision that their terms prevail over the counterparty&#8217;s terms in any <a href=\"https:\/\/rfblegal.co.uk\/tr\/icgoruler\/ai%cc%87le-si%cc%87rketleri%cc%87nde-hi%cc%87ssedar-anlasmazliklari-catismalari-di%cc%87kkatle-yonetmek\/\">conflict<\/a>.\u00a0<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Sat\u0131\u015f ve sat\u0131n alma ekiplerini, kar\u015f\u0131 taraf\u0131n kendi \u015fartlar\u0131n\u0131 dayatmaya \u00e7al\u0131\u015ft\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 tespit etmeleri ve uygun \u015fekilde kar\u015f\u0131l\u0131k vermeleri i\u00e7in e\u011fitin.\u00a0<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>For high-value contracts, negotiate a bespoke <a href=\"https:\/\/rfblegal.co.uk\/tr\/bilgi-tabani\/hi%cc%87ssedarlar-sozlesmesi%cc%87ne-i%cc%87hti%cc%87yacim-var-mi\/\">agreement<\/a> rather than relying on standard terms.\u00a0<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>Q. Bir s\u00f6zle\u015fmenin di\u011fer taraf\u0131 s\u00f6zle\u015fmeyi ihlal ederse ne yapmal\u0131y\u0131m?<\/strong>\u00a0<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">If you believe the other party is in breach of a commercial contract, the steps to take <a href=\"https:\/\/rfblegal.co.uk\/tr\/icgoruler\/bir-vasiyetname-onceki-anlasmalarimi-iptal-edebilir-mi\/\">will<\/a> depend on the nature and severity of the breach and what you want to achieve.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">First, consider whether the breach is a condition (a fundamental term going to the root of the contract, which if breached entitles you to treat the contract as terminated) or a <a href=\"https:\/\/rfblegal.co.uk\/tr\/icgoruler\/hi%cc%87sse-satin-alma-sozlesmesi%cc%87-i%cc%87hti%cc%87laflari-garanti%cc%87-i%cc%87hlali%cc%87-talep-kontrol-li%cc%87stesi%cc%87\/\">warranty<\/a> (a less fundamental term that gives rise to a damages claim but does not justify termination). Wrongly treating a breach as a condition \u2014 and purporting to&nbsp;terminate&nbsp;the contract \u2014 can itself amount to a repudiatory breach, exposing you to a claim by the other party.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">At\u0131lacak pratik ad\u0131mlar:&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Document the breach \u2014 preserve <a href=\"https:\/\/rfblegal.co.uk\/tr\/icgoruler\/bolum-28-ceza-davalarinda-onceden-kayit-altina-alinmis-deli%cc%87lleri%cc%87n-artan-kullanimi-bolum-2\/\">evidence<\/a> of what was promised and what has (or has not) been delivered.\u00a0<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Check the contract for <a href=\"https:\/\/rfblegal.co.uk\/tr\/hizmetler\/is-hukuku\/mulki%cc%87yet-davalari-i%cc%87si%cc%87\/ti%cc%87cari%cc%87-mulki%cc%87yet-alternati%cc%87f-uyusmazlik-cozumu\/\">uyu\u015fmazl\u0131k \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fcm\u00fc<\/a> provisions \u2014 many contracts require the parties to\u00a0attempt\u00a0to resolve disputes by escalation or mediation before formal proceedings.\u00a0<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Bildirim gerekliliklerini kontrol edin - s\u00f6zle\u015fmeyi feshetmek istiyorsan\u0131z, bir\u00e7ok s\u00f6zle\u015fme yaz\u0131l\u0131 olarak resmi bildirim ve fesih ge\u00e7erli olmadan \u00f6nce bir tedavi s\u00fcresi gerektirir.\u00a0<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Derhal hukuki yard\u0131m al\u0131n - zaman a\u015f\u0131m\u0131 s\u00fcreleri ihlalin ger\u00e7ekle\u015fti\u011fi tarihten itibaren i\u015flemeye ba\u015flar. \u0130ngiliz hukuku kapsam\u0131nda bir s\u00f6zle\u015fme ihlali i\u00e7in zaman a\u015f\u0131m\u0131 s\u00fcresi genellikle alt\u0131 y\u0131ld\u0131r.\u00a0<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Consider whether to continue or stop performance \u2014 continuing to perform while accepting a breach can, in some circumstances, amount to affirmation of the contract, waiving your <a href=\"https:\/\/rfblegal.co.uk\/tr\/icgoruler\/i%cc%87lk-reddetme-hakki-ev-sahi%cc%87pleri%cc%87-ve-ki%cc%87racilar-i%cc%87ci%cc%87n-onemli%cc%87-i%cc%87cgoruler\/\">right<\/a> to\u00a0terminate.\u00a0<\/li>\n<\/ul>","protected":false},"author":12,"featured_media":8956,"parent":0,"menu_order":0,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"om_disable_all_campaigns":false,"_uf_show_specific_survey":0,"_uf_disable_surveys":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[65],"tags":[87],"class_list":["post-8955","insight","type-insight","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-corporate","tag-richmond-office"],"acf":[],"aioseo_notices":[],"aioseo_head":"\n\t\t<!-- All in One SEO 4.9.10 - aioseo.com -->\n\t<meta name=\"description\" content=\"Q. What makes a commercial contract legally enforceable in England and Wales? For a contract to be legally enforceable in England and Wales, it must contain four essential elements: Offer \u2014 one party must make a clear offer to contract on specified terms. 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For a contract to be legally enforceable in England and Wales, it must contain four essential elements: Offer \u2014 one party must make a clear offer to contract on specified terms. 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