{"id":3397,"date":"2022-10-19T10:55:05","date_gmt":"2022-10-19T10:55:05","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/rfblegal.co.uk\/?post_type=insight&#038;p=3397"},"modified":"2025-04-29T13:28:49","modified_gmt":"2025-04-29T13:28:49","slug":"sectie-28-het-toenemende-gebruik-van-vooraf-opgenomen-bewijs-in-strafzaken","status":"publish","type":"insight","link":"https:\/\/rfblegal.co.uk\/nl\/inzichten\/sectie-28-het-toenemende-gebruik-van-vooraf-opgenomen-bewijs-in-strafzaken\/","title":{"rendered":"Afdeling 28: het toenemende gebruik van vooraf opgenomen bewijs in strafprocessen"},"content":{"rendered":"<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\" style=\"padding-top:var(--wp--preset--spacing--20);padding-bottom:var(--wp--preset--spacing--20)\"><strong>In the first of two articles, Piers Desser, <a href=\"https:\/\/rfblegal.co.uk\/nl\/categorie\/strafrechtelijke-geschillen\/\">Criminal<\/a> <a href=\"https:\/\/rfblegal.co.uk\/nl\/tag\/litigation-team-br\/\">Geschillen<\/a> Partner at Ronald <a href=\"https:\/\/rfblegal.co.uk\/nl\/\">Fletcher<\/a> Baker, explains the origins of pre-recorded video <a href=\"https:\/\/rfblegal.co.uk\/nl\/inzichten\/sectie-28-het-toenemende-gebruik-van-vooraf-opgenomen-bewijs-in-strafzaken-deel-2\/\">evidence<\/a> used in courts and describes how the scheme works in practice.<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\" style=\"padding-top:var(--wp--preset--spacing--20);padding-bottom:var(--wp--preset--spacing--20)\">Het concept van vooraf opgenomen mondelinge getuigenissen in strafrechtbanken is niet nieuw. Ondanks het feit dat video-opgenomen bewijs dat wordt afgespeeld tijdens de rechtszaak aanvoelt als een recente ontwikkeling, werd het tientallen jaren geleden bedacht en was het oorspronkelijk bedoeld om beter bewijs te verkrijgen voor minderjarige en kwetsbare getuigen.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\" style=\"padding-top:var(--wp--preset--spacing--20);padding-bottom:var(--wp--preset--spacing--20)\">The virtues of presenting evidence to a jury in this manner have been debated in the House of Commons on numerous occasions and the recent expansion of the scheme to include <a href=\"https:\/\/rfblegal.co.uk\/nl\/kennisbasis\/zegelrecht-op-extra-eigendommen\/\">extra<\/a> Crown Courts <a href=\"https:\/\/rfblegal.co.uk\/nl\/inzichten\/kan-een-testament-mijn-eerdere-overeenkomsten-annuleren\/\">zal<\/a> mean that more lawyers will need to <a href=\"https:\/\/rfblegal.co.uk\/nl\/inzichten\/geacht-dienst-wat-te-doen-als-je-echtgenoot-geen-echtscheidingsprocedure-start\/\">engage<\/a> with this format of trial. Various aspects of this procedure are now worth considering afresh.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\" style=\"padding-top:var(--wp--preset--spacing--20);padding-bottom:var(--wp--preset--spacing--20)\">Het was de Criminal Justice Act 1988 die het voor het eerst mogelijk maakte voor een getuige om te getuigen van buiten de rechtszaal door middel van een live verbinding. Douglas Hurd, de toenmalige minister van Binnenlandse Zaken, realiseerde zich het potentieel en gaf opdracht tot een onderzoek om verdere initiatieven te overwegen.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\" style=\"padding-top:var(--wp--preset--spacing--20);padding-bottom:var(--wp--preset--spacing--20)\">De daaruit voortvloeiende commissie Pigot baseerde zich op een grote verscheidenheid aan bewijsmateriaal om radicale voorstellen te doen. De voorstellen hielden in dat sommige getuigen, met name in zaken waarbij seksuele beschuldigingen in het spel waren, hun getuigenis volledig vooraf moesten laten opnemen.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\" style=\"padding-top:var(--wp--preset--spacing--20);padding-bottom:var(--wp--preset--spacing--20)\">In sommige opzichten was het zijn tijd ver vooruit en het heeft jaren geduurd voordat sommige van die voorstellen in de praktijk werden gebracht - deels mogelijk gemaakt door Sectie 28 van de Youth Justice and Criminal Evidence Act 1999, die rechtstreeks gaat over vooraf opgenomen bewijs.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-text-align-center wp-block-paragraph\" style=\"padding-top:var(--wp--preset--spacing--20);padding-bottom:var(--wp--preset--spacing--20)\"><strong>\u2018Potentieel risico voor een eerlijk proces\u2019<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\" style=\"padding-top:var(--wp--preset--spacing--20);padding-bottom:var(--wp--preset--spacing--20)\">De voordelen voor de rechtspraak waren duidelijk. Leeftijd en rijpheid zouden ondersteund moeten worden door een wetgevend kader dat het mogelijk maakt om bewijs met duidelijkheid aan te vullen door middel van een procedure die bescherming biedt tegen mogelijk oneerlijke druk van het systeem van hoor en wederhoor en robuust onderzoek.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\" style=\"padding-top:var(--wp--preset--spacing--20);padding-bottom:var(--wp--preset--spacing--20)\">Allowing witnesses to give their account in a more comfortable environment, not on the witnesses <a href=\"https:\/\/rfblegal.co.uk\/nl\/inzichten\/bezitsprocedures-en-verjaringstermijnen-hoe-staan-we-ervoor-na-brent-lbc-tegen-hajan\/\">stand<\/a>, and at an appropriate pace would lead to more reliable evidence, the committee reasoned.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\" style=\"padding-top:var(--wp--preset--spacing--20);padding-bottom:var(--wp--preset--spacing--20)\">De nadelen van de regeling waren de mogelijke risico's voor een eerlijk proces. Door de getuigenverklaring maanden voor het proces zelf vast te leggen, ontstaat het risico dat de getuige moet worden teruggeroepen. Het proces is notoir dynamisch en het vooraf vastleggen van het bewijs van een klager zal waarschijnlijk altijd leiden tot praktische hindernissen als er nieuwe informatie opduikt.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\" style=\"padding-top:var(--wp--preset--spacing--20);padding-bottom:var(--wp--preset--spacing--20)\">Also, it was anticipated that cross-examination would be restricted to an extent that made it difficult for an advocate to properly <a href=\"https:\/\/rfblegal.co.uk\/nl\/inzichten\/gerechtelijke-betwisting-hervorming-erfpacht-zet-toekomst-van-belangrijkste-bepalingen-op-losse-schroeven\/\">challenge<\/a> the evidence of the witness, dulling the long-established techniques for undermining credibility.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\" style=\"padding-top:var(--wp--preset--spacing--20);padding-bottom:var(--wp--preset--spacing--20)\">Nevertheless, Section 28 was rolled out to a <a href=\"https:\/\/rfblegal.co.uk\/nl\/wpcode\/temporary-phone-number-overwrite-for-immigration-pages\/\">number<\/a> of pilot courts and the procedure quickly built up its own conventions upon implementation.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\" style=\"padding-top:var(--wp--preset--spacing--20);padding-bottom:var(--wp--preset--spacing--20)\">In practice, the procedure commences with the police deciding that the case is suitable for the witness, <a href=\"https:\/\/rfblegal.co.uk\/nl\/inzichten\/navigeren-door-de-golf-van-internationale-arbitrage-faq\/\">frequently<\/a> the complainant, to give their account as a video recording, known as Achieving Best Evidence (ABE). This means that the genesis of the procedure relies upon an officer making such a decision.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\" style=\"padding-top:var(--wp--preset--spacing--20);padding-bottom:var(--wp--preset--spacing--20)\">This recording then becomes the witness\u2019s evidence in chief \u2013 which would be played to the jury at trial. The footage can be edited by <a href=\"https:\/\/rfblegal.co.uk\/nl\/kennisbasis\/heb-ik-een-aandeelhoudersovereenkomst-nodig\/\">agreement<\/a>, but a potential flaw of this method is that the prosecuting advocate is already bound by the narrative questioning set by the officer conducting the ABE.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-text-align-center wp-block-paragraph\" style=\"padding-top:var(--wp--preset--spacing--20);padding-bottom:var(--wp--preset--spacing--20)\"><strong>\u2018Kwetsbaar voor de kwaliteit van politieverhoren\u2019<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\" style=\"padding-top:var(--wp--preset--spacing--20);padding-bottom:var(--wp--preset--spacing--20)\">This can have a discordant effect on how the <a href=\"https:\/\/rfblegal.co.uk\/nl\/inzichten\/overeenkomsten-voor-uitgestelde-vervolging-wat-ze-zijn-en-hoe-ze-werken\/\">prosecution<\/a> case is presented to the jury, especially in factually complex cases. It is also vulnerable to the quality of police questioning, which may be habitually suitable for a cautioned <a href=\"https:\/\/rfblegal.co.uk\/nl\/inzichten\/mijn-juridische-leven-een-interview-met-rfb-partner-rudi-ramdarshan\/\">interview<\/a> with a suspect but not necessarily to adduce a jury-friendly version of events.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\" style=\"padding-top:var(--wp--preset--spacing--20);padding-bottom:var(--wp--preset--spacing--20)\">Nadat de ABE is opgenomen, wordt een zaak die op weg is naar een rechtszaak op de lijst geplaatst voor een hoorzitting met basisregels om een tijdschema vast te stellen voor de Sectie 28 opname van het kruisverhoor. Opmerkelijk in dit stadium is dat de richtlijnen stellen dat elke speler - zowel de raadsman als de rechter - zich beschikbaar moet stellen voor elke fase van het proces, ongeacht andere verplichtingen.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\" style=\"padding-top:var(--wp--preset--spacing--20);padding-bottom:var(--wp--preset--spacing--20)\">Dit zorgt voor problemen bij het vaststellen van passende termijnen en vereist een hogere mate van verplichting dan in zaken die niet onder de regeling vallen, wat ethische problemen kan opleveren, met name voor de raadslieden van de verdediging.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\" style=\"padding-top:var(--wp--preset--spacing--20);padding-bottom:var(--wp--preset--spacing--20)\">Daarnaast hebben bepaalde rechtbanken de advocaten van de verdediging opgedragen om v\u00f3\u00f3r de datum van de hoorzitting een lijst met vragen in te dienen die vooraf door de rechter moet worden goedgekeurd. Hoewel het ongetwijfeld verstandig is om vooraf de onderwerpen van kruisverhoor te bespreken, vormen vooraf goedgekeurde vragen duidelijk een risico voor de integriteit van het proces.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\" style=\"padding-top:var(--wp--preset--spacing--20);padding-bottom:var(--wp--preset--spacing--20)\">During the Section 28 hearing itself, the advocate will be inside the court room with the witness in a room in <a href=\"https:\/\/rfblegal.co.uk\/nl\/inzichten\/weer-een-succesvol-kantoor-voor-studentenregistratie\/\">another<\/a> part of the court. Appropriate time periods are set for questioning and it is incumbent upon an advocate to request <a href=\"https:\/\/rfblegal.co.uk\/nl\/inzichten\/ronald-fletcher-baker-llp-selborne-chambers-krijgt-toestemming-voor-beroep-in-verzekeringspremiezaak\/\">permission<\/a> from the judge to ask a derivative question should the witness\u2019s answer give opportunity to develop the point further.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\" style=\"padding-top:var(--wp--preset--spacing--20);padding-bottom:var(--wp--preset--spacing--20)\">Judges have a duty to intervene in the event that unsuitable questions are posed or the style of questioning is not appropriate to the witness. Short questions in plain English are the order of the day. The <a href=\"https:\/\/rfblegal.co.uk\/nl\/inzichten\/verzet-tegen-verlenging-commerciele-huurovereenkomst-verhuurders-voornemen-tot-herontwikkeling-onder-grond-f\/\">intention<\/a> of the scheme is that both ABE and the recorded product of the Section 28 cross-examination are played to the jury at trial, with the witness absent.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\" style=\"padding-top:var(--wp--preset--spacing--20);padding-bottom:var(--wp--preset--spacing--20)\"><em>Next time: In the second article to be published soon, Piers gives further <a href=\"https:\/\/rfblegal.co.uk\/nl\/kennisbasis\/een-kort-inzicht-in-geschillen-over-nalatenschappen\/\">insight<\/a> into Section 28 through personal experience and concludes his explanation of the scheme with <a href=\"https:\/\/rfblegal.co.uk\/nl\/inzichten\/het-veiligstellen-van-de-uitgestelde-vergoeding-bij-een-aandelenverkoop\/\">consideration<\/a> of its future.<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\" style=\"padding-top:var(--wp--preset--spacing--20);padding-bottom:var(--wp--preset--spacing--20)\"><strong>For further information <a href=\"https:\/\/rfblegal.co.uk\/nl\/contact-met-ons-opnemen\/\">contact<\/a> Piers Desser directly on <\/strong><em><strong>020 7613 7138 of e-mail\u00a0<a href=\"mailto:p.desser@rfblegal.co.uk\">p.desser@rfblegal.co.uk<\/a><\/strong><\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><a href=\"https:\/\/rfblegal.co.uk\/nl\/media\/k2\/items\/cache\/83a9554230ed6e6cccfe522a2a4bd53e_XL.jpg\/?t=20221124_140543\"><\/a><\/p>","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"parent":0,"menu_order":0,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"om_disable_all_campaigns":false,"_uf_show_specific_survey":0,"_uf_disable_surveys":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-3397","insight","type-insight","status-publish","format-standard","hentry"],"acf":[],"aioseo_notices":[],"aioseo_head":"\n\t\t<!-- All in One SEO 4.9.10 - aioseo.com -->\n\t<meta name=\"description\" content=\"In the first of two articles, Piers Desser, Criminal Litigation Partner at Ronald Fletcher Baker, explains the origins of pre-recorded video evidence used in courts and describes how the scheme works in practice. 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Het concept van vooraf opgenomen mondelinge getuigenissen in strafrechtbanken is niet nieuw. 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