{"id":3397,"date":"2022-10-19T10:55:05","date_gmt":"2022-10-19T10:55:05","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/rfblegal.co.uk\/?post_type=insight&#038;p=3397"},"modified":"2025-04-29T13:28:49","modified_gmt":"2025-04-29T13:28:49","slug":"sezione-28-il-crescente-uso-di-prove-preregistrate-nei-processi-penali","status":"publish","type":"insight","link":"https:\/\/rfblegal.co.uk\/it\/approfondimenti\/sezione-28-il-crescente-uso-di-prove-preregistrate-nei-processi-penali\/","title":{"rendered":"Sezione 28: il crescente uso di prove preregistrate nei processi penali"},"content":{"rendered":"<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\" style=\"padding-top:var(--wp--preset--spacing--20);padding-bottom:var(--wp--preset--spacing--20)\"><strong>In the first of two articles, Piers Desser, <a href=\"https:\/\/rfblegal.co.uk\/it\/categoria\/contenzioso-penale\/\">Criminal<\/a> <a href=\"https:\/\/rfblegal.co.uk\/it\/tag\/litigation-team-br\/\">Contenzioso<\/a> Partner at Ronald Fletcher Baker, explains the origins of pre-recorded video <a href=\"https:\/\/rfblegal.co.uk\/it\/approfondimenti\/sezione-28-il-crescente-uso-di-prove-preregistrate-nei-processi-penali-parte-2\/\">evidence<\/a> used in courts and describes how the scheme works in practice.<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\" style=\"padding-top:var(--wp--preset--spacing--20);padding-bottom:var(--wp--preset--spacing--20)\">Il concetto di testimonianza orale preregistrata nei tribunali penali non \u00e8 nuovo. Nonostante il fatto che le prove videoregistrate riprodotte durante il processo sembrino uno sviluppo recente, sono state concepite decenni fa e originariamente erano destinate a ottenere prove migliori per i bambini e i testimoni vulnerabili.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\" style=\"padding-top:var(--wp--preset--spacing--20);padding-bottom:var(--wp--preset--spacing--20)\">The virtues of presenting evidence to a jury in this manner have been debated in the House of Commons on numerous occasions and the recent expansion of the scheme to include <a href=\"https:\/\/rfblegal.co.uk\/it\/base-di-conoscenza\/imposta-di-bollo-sulle-proprieta-aggiuntive\/\">aggiuntivo<\/a> Crown Courts <a href=\"https:\/\/rfblegal.co.uk\/it\/approfondimenti\/un-testamento-puo-annullare-i-miei-accordi-precedenti\/\">volont\u00e0<\/a> mean that more lawyers will need to <a href=\"https:\/\/rfblegal.co.uk\/it\/approfondimenti\/servizio-ritenuto-cosa-fare-se-il-vostro-coniuge-non-si-impegna-in-una-procedura-di-divorzio\/\">engage<\/a> with this format of trial. Various aspects of this procedure are now worth considering afresh.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\" style=\"padding-top:var(--wp--preset--spacing--20);padding-bottom:var(--wp--preset--spacing--20)\">\u00c8 stato il Criminal Justice Act del 1988 a rendere possibile per la prima volta la deposizione di un testimone dall'esterno dell'aula di tribunale attraverso un collegamento in diretta. Avendo intuito il potenziale, Douglas Hurd, l'allora Ministro degli Interni, commission\u00f2 un'indagine per valutare ulteriori iniziative.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\" style=\"padding-top:var(--wp--preset--spacing--20);padding-bottom:var(--wp--preset--spacing--20)\">Il Comitato Pigot che ne scatur\u00ec si bas\u00f2 su un'ampia variet\u00e0 di prove per formulare quelle che all'epoca erano proposte radicali. Esse prevedevano la registrazione completa di alcuni testimoni, in particolare nei casi di accuse di natura sessuale.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\" style=\"padding-top:var(--wp--preset--spacing--20);padding-bottom:var(--wp--preset--spacing--20)\">Per certi versi era in anticipo sui tempi e ci sono voluti anni prima che alcune di quelle proposte entrassero in pratica - rese possibili in parte dalla Sezione 28 dello Youth Justice and Criminal Evidence Act del 1999, che si occupa direttamente delle prove preregistrate.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-text-align-center wp-block-paragraph\" style=\"padding-top:var(--wp--preset--spacing--20);padding-bottom:var(--wp--preset--spacing--20)\"><strong>\u2018Potenziale rischio di un processo equo\u2019<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\" style=\"padding-top:var(--wp--preset--spacing--20);padding-bottom:var(--wp--preset--spacing--20)\">I vantaggi per la giustizia erano evidenti. L'et\u00e0 e la maturit\u00e0 dovrebbero essere supportate da un quadro legislativo che consenta di amplificare le prove con chiarezza, attraverso una procedura che offra protezione contro le pressioni potenzialmente ingiuste del sistema del contraddittorio e un esame rigoroso.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\" style=\"padding-top:var(--wp--preset--spacing--20);padding-bottom:var(--wp--preset--spacing--20)\">Allowing witnesses to give their account in a more comfortable environment, not on the witnesses <a href=\"https:\/\/rfblegal.co.uk\/it\/approfondimenti\/procedure-di-possesso-e-limiti-di-tempo-a-che-punto-siamo-dopo-la-sentenza-brent-lbc-contro-hajan\/\">stand<\/a>, and at an appropriate pace would lead to more reliable evidence, the committee reasoned.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\" style=\"padding-top:var(--wp--preset--spacing--20);padding-bottom:var(--wp--preset--spacing--20)\">I punti deboli del sistema erano i potenziali rischi per un processo equo. La registrazione della prova di un testimone mesi prima del processo stesso crea il rischio che il testimone debba essere richiamato. Il processo \u00e8 notoriamente dinamico e la preregistrazione della testimonianza di un denunciante rischiava di comportare ostacoli pratici nel caso in cui fossero emerse nuove informazioni.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\" style=\"padding-top:var(--wp--preset--spacing--20);padding-bottom:var(--wp--preset--spacing--20)\">Also, it was anticipated that cross-examination would be restricted to an extent that made it difficult for an advocate to properly <a href=\"https:\/\/rfblegal.co.uk\/it\/approfondimenti\/il-ricorso-giudiziario-contro-la-riforma-delle-locazioni-mette-in-dubbio-il-futuro-di-disposizioni-chiave\/\">challenge<\/a> the evidence of the witness, dulling the long-established techniques for undermining credibility.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\" style=\"padding-top:var(--wp--preset--spacing--20);padding-bottom:var(--wp--preset--spacing--20)\">Nevertheless, Section 28 was rolled out to a <a href=\"https:\/\/rfblegal.co.uk\/it\/wpcode\/temporary-phone-number-overwrite-for-immigration-pages\/\">number<\/a> of pilot courts and the procedure quickly built up its own conventions upon implementation.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\" style=\"padding-top:var(--wp--preset--spacing--20);padding-bottom:var(--wp--preset--spacing--20)\">In practice, the procedure commences with the police deciding that the case is suitable for the witness, <a href=\"https:\/\/rfblegal.co.uk\/it\/approfondimenti\/navigare-nellaumento-dellarbitrato-internazionale-faq\/\">frequently<\/a> the complainant, to give their account as a video recording, known as Achieving Best Evidence (ABE). This means that the genesis of the procedure relies upon an officer making such a decision.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\" style=\"padding-top:var(--wp--preset--spacing--20);padding-bottom:var(--wp--preset--spacing--20)\">This recording then becomes the witness\u2019s evidence in chief \u2013 which would be played to the jury at trial. The footage can be edited by <a href=\"https:\/\/rfblegal.co.uk\/it\/base-di-conoscenza\/ho-bisogno-di-un-accordo-con-gli-azionisti\/\">agreement<\/a>, but a potential flaw of this method is that the prosecuting advocate is already bound by the narrative questioning set by the officer conducting the ABE.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-text-align-center wp-block-paragraph\" style=\"padding-top:var(--wp--preset--spacing--20);padding-bottom:var(--wp--preset--spacing--20)\"><strong>\u2018Vulnerabili alla qualit\u00e0 degli interrogatori della polizia\u2019<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\" style=\"padding-top:var(--wp--preset--spacing--20);padding-bottom:var(--wp--preset--spacing--20)\">This can have a discordant effect on how the <a href=\"https:\/\/rfblegal.co.uk\/it\/approfondimenti\/accordi-di-rinvio-dellazione-penale-cosa-sono-e-come-funzionano\/\">prosecution<\/a> case is presented to the jury, especially in factually complex cases. It is also vulnerable to the quality of police questioning, which may be habitually suitable for a cautioned <a href=\"https:\/\/rfblegal.co.uk\/it\/approfondimenti\/la-mia-vita-legale-unintervista-con-il-socio-di-rfb-rudi-ramdarshan\/\">interview<\/a> with a suspect but not necessarily to adduce a jury-friendly version of events.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\" style=\"padding-top:var(--wp--preset--spacing--20);padding-bottom:var(--wp--preset--spacing--20)\">Una volta registrato l'ABE, il caso che si avvia al processo viene iscritto nell'elenco delle udienze per la definizione del calendario per la registrazione dell'interrogatorio incrociato ai sensi della Sezione 28. In questa fase, \u00e8 importante sottolineare che tutti gli attori, avvocati e giudici, devono essere disponibili per ogni fase del processo, indipendentemente da altri impegni. In questa fase \u00e8 importante notare che le linee guida stabiliscono che ogni attore - sia l'avvocato che il giudice - deve rendersi disponibile per ogni fase del processo, indipendentemente da altri impegni.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\" style=\"padding-top:var(--wp--preset--spacing--20);padding-bottom:var(--wp--preset--spacing--20)\">Ci\u00f2 crea problemi nella definizione di tempi adeguati e richiede un livello di obblighi pi\u00f9 elevato rispetto ai casi che non rientrano nel sistema, il che pu\u00f2 porre problemi etici, in particolare per gli avvocati difensori.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\" style=\"padding-top:var(--wp--preset--spacing--20);padding-bottom:var(--wp--preset--spacing--20)\">Inoltre, alcuni tribunali hanno disposto che i difensori forniscano un elenco di domande prima della data dell'udienza per la pre-approvazione giudiziaria. Sebbene la discussione preventiva degli argomenti del controesame sia senza dubbio un esercizio sensato, le domande pre-approvate rappresentano chiaramente un rischio per l'integrit\u00e0 del processo.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\" style=\"padding-top:var(--wp--preset--spacing--20);padding-bottom:var(--wp--preset--spacing--20)\">During the Section 28 hearing itself, the advocate will be inside the court room with the witness in a room in <a href=\"https:\/\/rfblegal.co.uk\/it\/approfondimenti\/un-altro-ufficio-di-successo-per-la-registrazione-degli-studenti\/\">another<\/a> part of the court. Appropriate time periods are set for questioning and it is incumbent upon an advocate to request <a href=\"https:\/\/rfblegal.co.uk\/it\/approfondimenti\/lo-studio-ronald-fletcher-baker-llp-selborne-ottiene-lautorizzazione-allappello-in-un-caso-di-premi-assicurativi\/\">permission<\/a> from the judge to ask a derivative question should the witness\u2019s answer give opportunity to develop the point further.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\" style=\"padding-top:var(--wp--preset--spacing--20);padding-bottom:var(--wp--preset--spacing--20)\">Judges have a duty to intervene in the event that unsuitable questions are posed or the style of questioning is not appropriate to the witness. Short questions in plain English are the order of the day. The <a href=\"https:\/\/rfblegal.co.uk\/it\/approfondimenti\/opposizione-al-rinnovo-del-contratto-di-locazione-commerciale-intenzione-dei-proprietari-di-riqualificare-il-sottosuolo-f\/\">intention<\/a> of the scheme is that both ABE and the recorded product of the Section 28 cross-examination are played to the jury at trial, with the witness absent.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\" style=\"padding-top:var(--wp--preset--spacing--20);padding-bottom:var(--wp--preset--spacing--20)\"><em>Next time: In the second article to be published soon, Piers gives further <a href=\"https:\/\/rfblegal.co.uk\/it\/base-di-conoscenza\/una-breve-panoramica-sulle-questioni-probatorie-controverse\/\">insight<\/a> into Section 28 through personal experience and concludes his explanation of the scheme with <a href=\"https:\/\/rfblegal.co.uk\/it\/approfondimenti\/protezione-del-corrispettivo-differito-in-una-vendita-di-azioni\/\">consideration<\/a> of its future.<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\" style=\"padding-top:var(--wp--preset--spacing--20);padding-bottom:var(--wp--preset--spacing--20)\"><strong>For further information <a href=\"https:\/\/rfblegal.co.uk\/it\/contattateci\/\">contact<\/a> Piers Desser directly on <\/strong><em><strong>020 7613 7138 o e-mail\u00a0<a href=\"mailto:p.desser@rfblegal.co.uk\">p.desser@rfblegal.co.uk<\/a><\/strong><\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><a href=\"https:\/\/rfblegal.co.uk\/it\/media\/k2\/items\/cache\/83a9554230ed6e6cccfe522a2a4bd53e_XL.jpg\/?t=20221124_140543\"><\/a><\/p>","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"parent":0,"menu_order":0,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"om_disable_all_campaigns":false,"_uf_show_specific_survey":0,"_uf_disable_surveys":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-3397","insight","type-insight","status-publish","format-standard","hentry"],"acf":[],"aioseo_notices":[],"aioseo_head":"\n\t\t<!-- All in One SEO 4.9.10 - aioseo.com -->\n\t<meta name=\"description\" content=\"In the first of two articles, Piers Desser, Criminal Litigation Partner at Ronald Fletcher Baker, explains the origins of pre-recorded video evidence used in courts and describes how the scheme works in practice. 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Il concetto di testimonianza orale preregistrata nei tribunali penali non \u00e8 nuovo. 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