{"id":8955,"date":"2026-03-23T11:16:02","date_gmt":"2026-03-23T11:16:02","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/rfblegal.co.uk\/?post_type=insight&#038;p=8955"},"modified":"2026-04-07T11:02:45","modified_gmt":"2026-04-07T11:02:45","slug":"contratos-comerciales-qa","status":"publish","type":"insight","link":"https:\/\/rfblegal.co.uk\/es\/perspectivas\/contratos-comerciales-qa\/","title":{"rendered":"PREGUNTAS Y RESPUESTAS: Contratos comerciales\u00a0"},"content":{"rendered":"<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>Q. \u00bfQu\u00e9 hace que un contrato comercial sea legalmente exigible en Inglaterra y Gales?<\/strong>\u00a0<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">For a contract to be legally enforceable in <a href=\"https:\/\/rfblegal.co.uk\/es\/perspectivas\/desahucios-de-inquilinos-guia-para-propietarios-en-inglaterra\/\">England<\/a> and Wales, it must&nbsp;contain&nbsp;four essential elements:&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Oferta: una de las partes debe hacer una oferta clara de contrato en condiciones espec\u00edficas.\u00a0<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Aceptaci\u00f3n: la otra parte debe aceptar la oferta, sin salvedades importantes (una aceptaci\u00f3n con salvedades es una contraoferta, no una aceptaci\u00f3n).\u00a0<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/rfblegal.co.uk\/es\/perspectivas\/proteger-la-contraprestacion-diferida-en-una-venta-de-acciones\/\">Consideraci\u00f3n<\/a> \u2014 each party must provide something of value in exchange for the other&#8217;s promise. In a <a href=\"https:\/\/rfblegal.co.uk\/es\/servicios\/derecho-mercantil\/litigios-inmobiliarios-2\/empresas-ocupantes\/\">comercial<\/a> contract this is typically the payment of money in exchange for goods or services.\u00a0<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/rfblegal.co.uk\/es\/perspectivas\/oposicion-a-la-renovacion-del-contrato-de-arrendamiento-comercial-intencion-de-los-propietarios-de-reurbanizar-bajo-suelo-f\/\">Intention<\/a> to create legal relations \u2014 the parties must have intended to be legally bound. Commercial <a href=\"https:\/\/rfblegal.co.uk\/es\/perspectivas\/acuerdos-de-compra-de-acciones-de-qa\/\">agreements<\/a> are presumed to have this intention; social or domestic arrangements are not.\u00a0<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">In addition to these basic <a href=\"https:\/\/rfblegal.co.uk\/es\/perspectivas\/visados-britanicos-2024-salario-minimo-y-requisitos-de-ingresos\/\">requirements<\/a>, the parties must have legal <a href=\"https:\/\/rfblegal.co.uk\/es\/perspectivas\/la-regla-de-oro-y-la-capacidad-para-testar\/\">capacity<\/a> to contract (companies must act through authorised individuals), the subject <a href=\"https:\/\/rfblegal.co.uk\/es\/perspectivas\/al-considerar-la-seccion-9-de-la-ley-de-arbitraje-de-1996-cual-es-el-asunto\/\">asunto<\/a> must be legal, and the contract must not have been induced by misrepresentation,&nbsp;duress&nbsp;or undue influence.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Most <a href=\"https:\/\/rfblegal.co.uk\/es\/servicios\/derecho-mercantil\/negocio-corporativo\/contratos-comerciales\/\">commercial contracts<\/a> are valid even if not made in writing \u2014 English law does not&nbsp;generally require&nbsp;commercial contracts to be written or signed. However, certain contracts must be in writing (such as contracts for the sale of land, consumer credit agreements and <a href=\"https:\/\/rfblegal.co.uk\/es\/perspectivas\/las-garantias-personales-y-los-alquileres-comerciales-atrasados-son-directores-de-riesgo\/\">guarantees<\/a>), and it is&nbsp;almost always&nbsp;advisable to document commercial agreements in writing to avoid disputes <a href=\"https:\/\/rfblegal.co.uk\/es\/acerca-de-nosotros\/\">about<\/a> what was agreed.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>Q. \u00bfQu\u00e9 es una cl\u00e1usula de limitaci\u00f3n de responsabilidad y es aplicable?<\/strong>\u00a0<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">A limitation of liability clause is a contractual provision that caps the amount one party can recover from the other&nbsp;in the event of&nbsp;a <a href=\"https:\/\/rfblegal.co.uk\/es\/perspectivas\/que-hacer-si-su-inquilino-comercial-incumple-el-contrato-de-arrendamiento\/\">breach<\/a> of contract or&nbsp;other&nbsp;claim. It may limit liability to a fixed monetary sum (for example, the value of the contract), exclude specific types of loss (such as consequential loss, loss of profits or loss of <a href=\"https:\/\/rfblegal.co.uk\/es\/perspectivas\/actualizaciones-sobre-proteccion-de-datos-y-consideraciones-clave-para-las-empresas\/\">data<\/a>), or both.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">En el Derecho ingl\u00e9s, las cl\u00e1usulas de limitaci\u00f3n de responsabilidad est\u00e1n sujetas a los requisitos de la Unfair Contract Terms Act 1977 (UCTA) y, para los contratos con consumidores, a la Consumer Rights Act 2015. Para los contratos entre empresas, la UCTA establece lo siguiente:&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>A clause excluding or <a href=\"https:\/\/rfblegal.co.uk\/es\/servicios\/derecho-mercantil\/investigaciones-reglamentarias\/mitigar-la-responsabilidad-reglamentaria\/\">limiting liability<\/a> for death or personal injury caused by negligence is void and unenforceable.\u00a0<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Una cl\u00e1usula que excluya o limite la responsabilidad por otras p\u00e9rdidas causadas por negligencia, o por incumplimiento de contrato, s\u00f3lo es aplicable en la medida en que sea razonable.\u00a0<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">La prueba de lo razonable seg\u00fan la UCTA tiene en cuenta factores como la fuerza negociadora relativa de las partes, si la cl\u00e1usula se puso en conocimiento de la otra parte, si la parte limitada podr\u00eda haber obtenido un seguro y la naturaleza y el valor del contrato.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Well-drafted limitation clauses that reflect the commercial realities of the contract \u2014 capping liability at an amount that reflects the contract&nbsp;value, or&nbsp;excluding consequential losses in an <a href=\"https:\/\/rfblegal.co.uk\/es\/perspectivas\/mes-del-orgullo-en-rfb-como-celebramos-lo-que-significa-para-nosotros-y-por-que-es-crucial-la-representacion-en-el-sector-juridico\/\">industry<\/a> where such losses are typically uninsured \u2014 will&nbsp;generally satisfy&nbsp;the reasonableness test. Limitation clauses that&nbsp;seek&nbsp;to exclude all liability entirely, or that are buried in small print, are more vulnerable to <a href=\"https:\/\/rfblegal.co.uk\/es\/perspectivas\/la-impugnacion-judicial-de-la-reforma-del-arrendamiento-pone-en-entredicho-el-futuro-de-disposiciones-clave\/\">challenge<\/a>.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>Q. \u00bfQu\u00e9 es una cl\u00e1usula de fuerza mayor y cu\u00e1ndo se aplica?<\/strong>\u00a0<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Una cl\u00e1usula de fuerza mayor es una disposici\u00f3n contractual que exime a una o ambas partes del cumplimiento de sus obligaciones en caso de circunstancias excepcionales ajenas a su voluntad, es decir, circunstancias que no eran previsibles en el momento de celebrar el contrato y que hacen imposible o impracticable su cumplimiento.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">English law does not have a general doctrine of force majeure \u2014 unlike many <a href=\"https:\/\/rfblegal.co.uk\/es\/meditacion-civil\/\">civil<\/a> law systems. A force majeure clause only&nbsp;operates&nbsp;if it is expressly included in the contract. The scope of the clause, and the events that trigger it, depends entirely on the drafting.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Common events listed as force majeure&nbsp;include:&nbsp;natural disasters, war and civil disturbance, acts of terrorism, pandemic, <a href=\"https:\/\/rfblegal.co.uk\/es\/perspectivas\/respuesta-del-gobierno-a-la-morosidad-de-los-alquileres-comerciales-de-covid\/\">government<\/a> action or <a href=\"https:\/\/rfblegal.co.uk\/es\/servicios\/derecho-personal\/ley-reguladora\/\">normativa<\/a> change, and infrastructure failure. Whether a specific event triggers a force majeure clause depends on whether it falls within the scope of the listed events, whether it was foreseeable at the date of the contract, and whether it&nbsp;actually caused&nbsp;(rather than merely contributed to) the failure to perform.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The COVID-19 pandemic tested force majeure clauses extensively. Courts were&nbsp;generally reluctant&nbsp;to find that the pandemic triggered <a href=\"https:\/\/rfblegal.co.uk\/es\/rfbtermsofbusiness0625\/\">standard<\/a> force majeure provisions, particularly where the affected party had found alternative means of performance or where the clause required physical impossibility rather than mere commercial difficulty.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Independientemente de la fuerza mayor, la doctrina de la frustraci\u00f3n puede aplicarse cuando acontecimientos sobrevenidos hacen f\u00edsicamente imposible el cumplimiento o hacen que el contrato sea fundamentalmente diferente de lo acordado. El list\u00f3n de la frustraci\u00f3n es alto: no basta con un inconveniente comercial o un aumento de los costes.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>Q. \u00bfQu\u00e9 son las condiciones generales y c\u00f3mo interact\u00faan con la \u2018batalla de los formularios\u2019?<\/strong>\u00a0<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Most businesses contract using <a href=\"https:\/\/rfblegal.co.uk\/es\/servicios\/derecho-personal\/corporativo\/contratos-comerciales-condiciones-comerciales\/\">standard terms<\/a> y <a href=\"https:\/\/rfblegal.co.uk\/es\/datos-del-cliente\/\">conditions<\/a> \u2014 pre-drafted contractual provisions that they&nbsp;seek&nbsp;to apply to all their transactions. The problem arises when both parties have standard terms and each&nbsp;purports&nbsp;to contract on their own terms rather than the other&#8217;s. This is known as the &#8216;battle of the forms&#8217;.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">En Derecho ingl\u00e9s, la batalla de las formas se resuelve generalmente mediante la doctrina del \u2018\u00faltimo disparo\u2019: por lo general, prevalecer\u00e1 el \u00faltimo conjunto de cl\u00e1usulas que se haya presentado, y al que no se haya objetado, antes de la ejecuci\u00f3n del contrato. En la pr\u00e1ctica, esto significa que la parte cuyas cl\u00e1usulas figuren en el \u00faltimo documento antes del inicio de la ejecuci\u00f3n (a menudo un albar\u00e1n o una confirmaci\u00f3n de pedido) podr\u00e1 incorporar sus cl\u00e1usulas.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">However, the <a href=\"https:\/\/rfblegal.co.uk\/es\/perspectivas\/recursos-de-inmigracion-y-asilo-como-podemos-ayudarle-a-obtener-el-resultado-que-desea\/\">outcome<\/a> of a battle of the forms analysis is uncertain \u2014 it depends on the precise sequence of correspondence and the specific provisions in each party&#8217;s terms. Businesses that are serious about their standard terms should:&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Ensure their terms are clearly incorporated by reference in all relevant <a href=\"https:\/\/rfblegal.co.uk\/es\/perspectivas\/guia-para-el-nuevo-ejercicio-financiero-para-que-los-documentos-juridicos-de-su-empresa-esten-al-dia\/\">documents<\/a> \u2014 quotations, order confirmations, invoices.\u00a0<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Include a provision that their terms prevail over the counterparty&#8217;s terms in any <a href=\"https:\/\/rfblegal.co.uk\/es\/perspectivas\/disputas-entre-accionistas-en-empresas-familiares-navegar-por-el-conflicto-con-cuidado\/\">conflict<\/a>.\u00a0<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Formar a sus equipos de ventas y adquisiciones para identificar cu\u00e1ndo la contraparte intenta imponer sus propias condiciones y responder adecuadamente.\u00a0<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>For high-value contracts, negotiate a bespoke <a href=\"https:\/\/rfblegal.co.uk\/es\/base-de-conocimientos\/necesito-un-acuerdo-de-accionistas\/\">agreement<\/a> rather than relying on standard terms.\u00a0<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>Q. \u00bfQu\u00e9 debo hacer si la otra parte de un contrato incumple?<\/strong>\u00a0<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">If you believe the other party is in breach of a commercial contract, the steps to take <a href=\"https:\/\/rfblegal.co.uk\/es\/perspectivas\/puede-un-testamento-anular-mis-acuerdos-anteriores\/\">will<\/a> depend on the nature and severity of the breach and what you want to achieve.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">First, consider whether the breach is a condition (a fundamental term going to the root of the contract, which if breached entitles you to treat the contract as terminated) or a <a href=\"https:\/\/rfblegal.co.uk\/es\/perspectivas\/lista-de-comprobacion-de-reclamaciones-por-incumplimiento-de-garantias-en-litigios-sobre-contratos-de-compraventa-de-acciones\/\">warranty<\/a> (a less fundamental term that gives rise to a damages claim but does not justify termination). Wrongly treating a breach as a condition \u2014 and purporting to&nbsp;terminate&nbsp;the contract \u2014 can itself amount to a repudiatory breach, exposing you to a claim by the other party.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Pasos pr\u00e1cticos a seguir:&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Document the breach \u2014 preserve <a href=\"https:\/\/rfblegal.co.uk\/es\/perspectivas\/seccion-28-el-creciente-uso-de-pruebas-pregrabadas-en-los-juicios-penales-parte-2\/\">evidence<\/a> of what was promised and what has (or has not) been delivered.\u00a0<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Check the contract for <a href=\"https:\/\/rfblegal.co.uk\/es\/servicios\/derecho-mercantil\/litigios-inmobiliarios-2\/resolucion-alternativa-de-litigios-comerciales-2\/\">resoluci\u00f3n de litigios<\/a> provisions \u2014 many contracts require the parties to\u00a0attempt\u00a0to resolve disputes by escalation or mediation before formal proceedings.\u00a0<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Compruebe los requisitos de notificaci\u00f3n: si tiene intenci\u00f3n de rescindir el contrato, muchos contratos exigen una notificaci\u00f3n formal por escrito y un periodo de subsanaci\u00f3n antes de que la rescisi\u00f3n sea efectiva.\u00a0<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Ases\u00f3rese r\u00e1pidamente: los plazos de prescripci\u00f3n empiezan a contar a partir de la fecha del incumplimiento. En caso de incumplimiento de contrato, el plazo de prescripci\u00f3n suele ser de seis a\u00f1os.\u00a0<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Consider whether to continue or stop performance \u2014 continuing to perform while accepting a breach can, in some circumstances, amount to affirmation of the contract, waiving your <a href=\"https:\/\/rfblegal.co.uk\/es\/perspectivas\/el-derecho-de-adquisicion-preferente-claves-para-propietarios-e-inquilinos\/\">right<\/a> to\u00a0terminate.\u00a0<\/li>\n<\/ul>","protected":false},"author":12,"featured_media":8956,"parent":0,"menu_order":0,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"om_disable_all_campaigns":false,"_uf_show_specific_survey":0,"_uf_disable_surveys":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[65],"tags":[87],"class_list":["post-8955","insight","type-insight","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-corporate","tag-richmond-office"],"acf":[],"aioseo_notices":[],"aioseo_head":"\n\t\t<!-- All in One SEO 4.9.10 - aioseo.com -->\n\t<meta name=\"description\" content=\"Q. What makes a commercial contract legally enforceable in England and Wales? For a contract to be legally enforceable in England and Wales, it must contain four essential elements: Offer \u2014 one party must make a clear offer to contract on specified terms. Acceptance \u2014 the other party must accept that offer, without material qualification (a qualified acceptance\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"max-image-preview:large\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"author\" content=\"Sadie Petchey\"\/>\n\t<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/rfblegal.co.uk\/es\/perspectivas\/contratos-comerciales-qa\/\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"generator\" content=\"All in One SEO (AIOSEO) 4.9.10\" \/>\n\t\t<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"es_ES\" \/>\n\t\t<meta property=\"og:site_name\" content=\"RFB Legal -\" \/>\n\t\t<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n\t\t<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Q&amp;A: Business Contracts - RFB Legal\" \/>\n\t\t<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"Q. What makes a commercial contract legally enforceable in England and Wales? For a contract to be legally enforceable in England and Wales, it must contain four essential elements: Offer \u2014 one party must make a clear offer to contract on specified terms. 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For a contract to be legally enforceable in England and Wales, it must contain four essential elements: Offer \u2014 one party must make a clear offer to contract on specified terms. 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