{"id":8944,"date":"2026-03-23T10:36:29","date_gmt":"2026-03-23T10:36:29","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/rfblegal.co.uk\/?post_type=insight&#038;p=8944"},"modified":"2026-04-07T11:16:24","modified_gmt":"2026-04-07T11:16:24","slug":"qa-aktienkaufvertrage","status":"publish","type":"insight","link":"https:\/\/rfblegal.co.uk\/de\/einblicke\/qa-aktienkaufvertrage\/","title":{"rendered":"Q&amp;A: Vereinbarungen zum Aktienkauf\u00a0"},"content":{"rendered":"<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Warranties, <a href=\"https:\/\/rfblegal.co.uk\/de\/einblicke\/garantien-und-entschadigungen-in-aktienkaufvertragen\/\">indemnities<\/a>,&nbsp;conditions&nbsp;and completion mechanics \u2014 your questions answered<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>Frage: Was ist ein Aktienkaufvertrag?<\/strong>\u00a0<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">A share purchase <a href=\"https:\/\/rfblegal.co.uk\/de\/wissensbasis\/brauche-ich-eine-aktionarsvereinbarung\/\">agreement<\/a> (SPA) is the principal legal document governing the sale and purchase of shares in a company. It sets out the terms on which the seller agrees to&nbsp;sell&nbsp;and the buyer agrees to buy the shares, including the <a href=\"https:\/\/rfblegal.co.uk\/de\/einblicke\/schutz-der-aufgeschobenen-gegenleistung-bei-einem-aktienverkauf\/\">consideration<\/a>, the mechanics of completion, the warranties and indemnities given by the seller and the limitations on the seller&#8217;s liability.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">A well-drafted SPA <a href=\"https:\/\/rfblegal.co.uk\/de\/einblicke\/kann-ein-testament-meine-fruheren-vertrage-aufheben\/\">wird<\/a> cover: the identity of the parties and the shares being sold; the consideration and how it is calculated; any <a href=\"https:\/\/rfblegal.co.uk\/de\/kundenkontodaten\/\">conditions<\/a> that must be satisfied before completion can occur; the obligations of both parties between exchange and completion; the seller&#8217;s warranties <a href=\"https:\/\/rfblegal.co.uk\/de\/uber-uns\/\">about<\/a> the state of the <a href=\"https:\/\/rfblegal.co.uk\/de\/einblicke\/qa-vertrage\/\">business<\/a>; any specific indemnities for identified risks; limitations on the seller&#8217;s liability; and post-completion obligations such as <a href=\"https:\/\/rfblegal.co.uk\/de\/dienstleistungen\/personenrecht\/beschaftigung\/restriktive-zusicherungen\/\">non-compete<\/a> restrictions.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The SPA is usually accompanied by a <a href=\"https:\/\/rfblegal.co.uk\/de\/einblicke\/auskunftsverfugungen\/\">disclosure<\/a> letter (in which the seller qualifies the warranties by&nbsp;disclosing&nbsp;specific matters), a tax covenant or tax <a href=\"https:\/\/rfblegal.co.uk\/de\/wissensbasis\/was-ist-eine-urkunde-zur-anderung-eines-testaments\/\">deed<\/a>, and potentially a suite of ancillary <a href=\"https:\/\/rfblegal.co.uk\/de\/einblicke\/leitfaden-fur-das-neue-geschaftsjahr-damit-ihre-juristischen-unternehmensdokumente-auf-dem-neuesten-stand-sind\/\">documents<\/a> einschlie\u00dflich <a href=\"https:\/\/rfblegal.co.uk\/de\/einblicke\/gesetz-uber-arbeitnehmerrechte-2025-ein-praktischer-leitfaden-fur-arbeitgeber\/\">employment<\/a> agreements for&nbsp;retained&nbsp;management, <a href=\"https:\/\/rfblegal.co.uk\/de\/kategorie\/vermogensrechtliche-streitigkeiten\/\">Eigenschaft<\/a> <a href=\"https:\/\/rfblegal.co.uk\/de\/wissensbasis\/zu-lebzeiten-erfolgte-ubertragungen-normale-schenkungen-aus-dem-einkommen\/\">transfers<\/a>, and IP assignments.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>Frage: Welche Gew\u00e4hrleistungen werden \u00fcblicherweise in einem Aktienkaufvertrag \u00fcbernommen?<\/strong>\u00a0<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Warranties in an SPA are contractual assurances given by the seller about the state of the target company. If a <a href=\"https:\/\/rfblegal.co.uk\/de\/einblicke\/checkliste-zur-anfechtung-des-aktienkaufvertrags-wegen-verletzung-der-garantieanspruche\/\">warranty<\/a> proves to be untrue and the buyer suffers loss as a result, the buyer has a claim in damages. Warranties cover a broad range of matters and typically run to many pages in a mid-market SPA.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Zu den wichtigsten Garantiekategorien geh\u00f6ren:&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Title warranties \u2014 confirming that the seller owns the shares being sold, <a href=\"https:\/\/rfblegal.co.uk\/de\/einblicke\/verteidigung-gegen-verleumdung-ein-kurzer-leitfaden-zum-schutz-der-meinungsfreiheit-und-des-guten-rufs\/\">free<\/a> from encumbrances, and has the legal <a href=\"https:\/\/rfblegal.co.uk\/de\/einblicke\/die-goldene-regel-und-die-testierfahigkeit\/\">capacity<\/a> to sell them.&nbsp;<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Erkl\u00e4rungen zu den Jahresabschl\u00fcssen \u2013 Best\u00e4tigung, dass der letzte gepr\u00fcfte Jahresabschluss ein den tats\u00e4chlichen Verh\u00e4ltnissen entsprechendes Bild der Verm\u00f6gens-, Finanz- und Ertragslage des Unternehmens vermittelt.&nbsp;<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Gesch\u00e4ftsbescheinigung \u2013 Best\u00e4tigung, dass das Unternehmen seit dem letzten Bilanzstichtag im Rahmen des normalen Gesch\u00e4ftsbetriebs t\u00e4tig war und keine wesentlichen nachteiligen Ver\u00e4nderungen eingetreten sind.&nbsp;<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Contracts warranties \u2014 confirming that there are no material contracts that will&nbsp;terminate&nbsp;or be affected by the change of ownership, and that the company is not in <a href=\"https:\/\/rfblegal.co.uk\/de\/einblicke\/was-zu-tun-ist-wenn-ihr-gewerblicher-mieter-gegen-den-mietvertrag-verstost\/\">breach<\/a> of its material contracts.&nbsp;<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Employment warranties \u2014 confirming the accuracy of the disclosed employee information, the absence of undisclosed bonus or benefit arrangements, and the absence of active <a href=\"https:\/\/rfblegal.co.uk\/de\/dienstleistungen\/personenrecht\/beschaftigung\/\">employment disputes<\/a>.&nbsp;<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/rfblegal.co.uk\/de\/dienstleistungen\/wirtschaftsrecht\/handelsprozess\/urheberrecht-medien-und-ip\/\">Intellectual property<\/a> warranties \u2014 confirming the company&#8217;s ownership of (or <a href=\"https:\/\/rfblegal.co.uk\/de\/einblicke\/das-vorkaufsrecht-wichtige-erkenntnisse-fur-vermieter-und-mieter\/\">right<\/a> to use) its key intellectual property, including&nbsp;trade marks, software,&nbsp;databases&nbsp;and domain names.&nbsp;<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Tax warranties \u2014 confirming that the company&#8217;s tax affairs are in order, all returns have been filed and all tax due has been <a href=\"https:\/\/rfblegal.co.uk\/de\/wissensbasis\/leitfaden-fur-wohnungsvermieter-was-zu-tun-ist-wenn-ein-mieter-im-vereinigten-konigreich-die-miete-nicht-zahlt\/\">paid<\/a>.&nbsp;<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/rfblegal.co.uk\/de\/tag\/litigation-team-br\/\">Rechtsstreitigkeiten<\/a> warranties \u2014 confirming that there are no current or threatened legal proceedings against the company.&nbsp;<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Property warranties \u2014 confirming the accuracy of the disclosed property interests and the absence of material disputes with <a href=\"https:\/\/rfblegal.co.uk\/de\/einblicke\/ein-leitfaden-fur-gewerbliche-vermieter-stellt-die-annahme-der-miete-durch-einen-vermittler-einen-verzicht-auf-das-recht-auf-einbehaltung-dar\/\">Vermieter<\/a> or neighbours.&nbsp;<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The scope and detail of warranties is heavily negotiated. Sellers&nbsp;seek&nbsp;to limit them; <a href=\"https:\/\/rfblegal.co.uk\/de\/einblicke\/der-unverzichtbare-leitfaden-fur-erstkaufer-von-wohneigentum\/\">K\u00e4ufer<\/a> seek the broadest possible protection.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>Frage: Was ist der Unterschied zwischen einer Gew\u00e4hrleistung und einer Freistellung in einem Aktienkaufvertrag?<\/strong>\u00a0<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">This is one of the most important distinctions in SPA law, and one that has very practical <a href=\"https:\/\/rfblegal.co.uk\/de\/einblicke\/cifas-marker-erklart-ursachen-folgen-und-losungen\/\">consequences<\/a> for how <a href=\"https:\/\/rfblegal.co.uk\/de\/einblicke\/mangelanspruche-ein-leitfaden-fur-private-wohnungsvermieter\/\">claims<\/a> are assessed and what the buyer can recover.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Eine Garantie&nbsp;<\/strong>is a contractual promise that a statement of fact is true. If the warranty is breached, the buyer&#8217;s <a href=\"https:\/\/rfblegal.co.uk\/de\/wissensbasis\/finanzielle-entschadigung-warum-nicht-einfach-alle-vorsicht-uber-bord-werfen\/\">remedy<\/a> is a claim in damages for the diminution in value of the shares \u2014 the difference between what the buyer paid and what it would have paid had the warranty been true. The buyer must prove breach, quantify the loss on a &#8216;diminution in value&#8217; basis, mitigate its loss, and act before the claim becomes&nbsp;statute-barred. Disclosure against a warranty defeats the claim.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Eine Entsch\u00e4digung&nbsp;<\/strong>ist eine vertragliche Zusage, dem K\u00e4ufer einen bestimmten Schaden im Falle seines Eintritts in voller H\u00f6he zu ersetzen. Die Entsch\u00e4digung wird durch das Eintreten des festgelegten Ereignisses ausgel\u00f6st, unabh\u00e4ngig davon, ob es sich dabei um eine Garantieverletzung handelt. Es besteht keine Notwendigkeit, einen Wertverlust der Anteile nachzuweisen, es besteht keine Mitwirkungspflicht, und eine Offenlegung steht dem Anspruch nicht entgegen. Der Verk\u00e4ufer zahlt einfach den Verlust.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Haftungsfreistellungen dienen der Absicherung gegen bestimmte, konkret benannte Risiken \u2013 etwa eine bekannte Steuerverbindlichkeit, einen laufenden Rechtsstreit, ein offengelegtes Umweltproblem oder Handlungen vor Vertragsabschluss, die zu k\u00fcnftigen Anspr\u00fcchen f\u00fchren k\u00f6nnten. Gew\u00e4hrleistungen bieten einen allgemeinen Schutz f\u00fcr das gesamte Unternehmen.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>Frage: Was ist ein Offenlegungsschreiben und warum ist es wichtig?<\/strong>\u00a0<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">A disclosure letter is a document provided by the seller to the buyer at exchange of the SPA, setting out specific matters that qualify or override the warranties. Any <a href=\"https:\/\/rfblegal.co.uk\/de\/einblicke\/bei-der-prufung-von-abschnitt-9-des-schiedsgerichtsgesetzes-von-1996-was-die-angelegenheit\/\">Sache<\/a> that is fairly and specifically&nbsp;disclosed&nbsp;in the disclosure letter is&nbsp;deemed&nbsp;accepted by the buyer \u2014 it cannot&nbsp;subsequently&nbsp;form the basis of a warranty claim.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Das Offenlegungsschreiben ist in der Regel zweistufig aufgebaut. Allgemeine Offenlegungen beziehen sich auf Angelegenheiten, die \u00f6ffentlich zug\u00e4nglich sind (wie Eintragungen beim Companies House, beim Grundbuchamt und bei der HMRC) und als dem K\u00e4ufer bekannt gelten. Spezifische Offenlegungen sind konkrete Erkl\u00e4rungen des Verk\u00e4ufers zu bestimmten Gew\u00e4hrleistungen, die jeweils durch die entsprechenden Dokumente in einem Offenlegungspaket belegt werden.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">F\u00fcr Verk\u00e4ufer ist die Offenlegungserkl\u00e4rung von entscheidender Bedeutung \u2013 sie ist das wichtigste Instrument, mit dem der Verk\u00e4ufer sein Risiko im Rahmen der Gew\u00e4hrleistungsanspr\u00fcche begrenzt. Ein Verk\u00e4ufer, der es vers\u00e4umt, einen wesentlichen Sachverhalt offenzulegen, kann f\u00fcr einen diesbez\u00fcglichen Gew\u00e4hrleistungsanspruch haftbar gemacht werden, selbst wenn er ernsthaft davon ausgegangen ist, dass der K\u00e4ufer von dem Sachverhalt Kenntnis hatte.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">For buyers,&nbsp;careful scrutiny&nbsp;of the disclosure letter is equally critical. Disclosures that are vague or generic (&#8216;the company&#8217;s contracts are as disclosed in the <a href=\"https:\/\/rfblegal.co.uk\/de\/einblicke\/aktualisierungen-des-datenschutzes-und-wichtige-uberlegungen-fur-unternehmen\/\">data<\/a> room&#8217;) may not be sufficiently specific to qualify a warranty \u2014 but a buyer who signs without properly reviewing the disclosures may find it difficult to argue that a disclosure was inadequate after the event.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>Frage: Wie wird der Kaufpreis f\u00fcr eine Aktie berechnet und angepasst?<\/strong>\u00a0<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The consideration in a share sale can be structured in&nbsp;various ways, depending on the <a href=\"https:\/\/rfblegal.co.uk\/de\/dienstleistungen\/wirtschaftsrecht\/geschaft-mit-immobilienstreitigkeiten\/gewerbliche-nutzer\/\">kommerziell<\/a> preferences of the parties and the nature of the business being&nbsp;acquired.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Festpreis \u2014&nbsp;<\/strong>ein einmaliger, bei Vertragsabschluss vereinbarter Betrag, der bei Vertragsabschluss f\u00e4llig wird. Dies ist die einfachste Struktur, bietet jedoch keinen Mechanismus, um die tats\u00e4chliche Finanzlage des Unternehmens zum Zeitpunkt des Vertragsabschlusses widerzuspiegeln.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Mechanismus f\u00fcr die Abrechnung nach Fertigstellung \u2014&nbsp;<\/strong>Der Preis wird nach Abschluss der Transaktion angepasst, um das tats\u00e4chliche Betriebskapital, die Nettoverschuldung und\/oder das Nettoverm\u00f6gen des Unternehmens zum Abschlusszeitpunkt widerzuspiegeln, verglichen mit einem bei Vertragsabschluss vereinbarten Zielwert. Dies ist der g\u00e4ngigste Mechanismus bei Transaktionen im Mittelstand.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Verriegelungsmechanismus \u2014&nbsp;<\/strong>the consideration is fixed by reference to a historical balance sheet (the &#8216;locked box&#8217; date), and the buyer <a href=\"https:\/\/rfblegal.co.uk\/de\/einblicke\/deniz-oguzkanli-wird-neuer-senior-partner-bei-rfb\/\">takes<\/a> economic risk and benefit from that date. Between the locked box date and completion, the seller is prohibited from extracting value from the business (known as &#8216;leakage&#8217;). Increasingly common in <a href=\"https:\/\/rfblegal.co.uk\/de\/wissensbasis\/privatkunde\/\">private<\/a> equity transactions as it provides price certainty.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Deferred consideration \/ <a href=\"https:\/\/rfblegal.co.uk\/de\/einblicke\/streitigkeiten-bei-aktienkaufvertragen-streitigkeiten-im-zusammenhang-mit-earn-out-klauseln\/\">earn-out<\/a> \u2014&nbsp;<\/strong>part of the price is deferred and payable after completion, either unconditionally (on a fixed date) or contingently (subject to performance targets being met). See the separate chapter on deferred consideration and <a href=\"https:\/\/rfblegal.co.uk\/de\/einblicke\/qa-wertpapier-mit-aufgeschobener-gegenleistung\/\">security<\/a>.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Welcher Mechanismus geeignet ist, h\u00e4ngt von der Art des Gesch\u00e4fts, der jeweiligen Verhandlungsposition der Parteien und der Risikobereitschaft beider Seiten ab. K\u00e4ufer bevorzugen in der Regel einen \u2019Completion Accounts\u201c-Mechanismus (der eine Anpassung an die tats\u00e4chliche Situation zum Zeitpunkt des Abschlusses vorsieht); Verk\u00e4ufer bevorzugen in der Regel eine \u201eLocked-Box\u201c-Regelung (die Sicherheit bietet).&nbsp;<\/p>","protected":false},"author":12,"featured_media":8945,"parent":0,"menu_order":0,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"om_disable_all_campaigns":false,"_uf_show_specific_survey":0,"_uf_disable_surveys":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[65],"tags":[87],"class_list":["post-8944","insight","type-insight","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-corporate","tag-richmond-office"],"acf":[],"aioseo_notices":[],"aioseo_head":"\n\t\t<!-- All in One SEO 4.9.10 - aioseo.com -->\n\t<meta name=\"description\" content=\"Warranties, indemnities, conditions and completion mechanics \u2014 your questions answered Q. What is a Share Purchase Agreement? 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What is a Share Purchase Agreement? A share purchase agreement (SPA) is the principal legal document governing the sale and purchase of shares in a company. 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